Larry's Tax Law

Late this afternoon, President Obama signed into law the tax extenders legislation referenced in my blog earlier today.  Hopefully, we can now complete our client year-end tax planning.

The Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 Passes Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate

Late in the day on December 15, 2015, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 (the “Act”). The Act, which represents a $622 billion tax package, revives many taxpayer-friendly provisions of the Code that expired a year ago.

The Act passed the House with a vote of 318 to 109. Voting in favor of the Act were 77 Democrats and 241 Republicans.

The Act moved to the U.S. Senate, where it was presented along with a comprehensive spending bill. As expected, the Senate voted in favor of the legislation today by a vote of 65 to 33. Consequently, the Act moves from Congress to the desk of President Obama. Most commentators expect that he will promptly sign the Act into law, as his administration has shown strong support.

The Chief Financial Officer’s Act of 1990 (“1990 Act”) was signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on November 15, 1990.  One of the major goals of the 1990 Act was to improve the financial management and to gain better control over the financial aspects of government operations.  One provision of the 1990 Act in this regard established a requirement that the government’s financial statements be audited.  Interestingly, we had not seen comprehensive legislation with this focus since the Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950 was enacted by lawmakers.

As a result of the 1990 Act, the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) annually audits the financial statements of the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”).  The general objectives of the audit are two-fold:  (i) to determine whether the IRS’s financial statements are fairly presented; and (ii) to determine whether the IRS is maintaining effective internal controls over financial reporting.

In general, the Oregon income tax laws are based on the federal income tax laws. In other words, Oregon is generally tied to the Internal Revenue Code for purposes of income taxation. As a consequence, we generally look to the federal definition of taxable income as a precursor for purposes of determining Oregon taxable income.

What does this mean to taxpayers in the trade or business of selling recreational or medical marijuana in Oregon?

Currently, it appears these taxpayers are stuck with the federal tax laws. Consequently, unless the Oregon legislature statutorily disconnects from IRC § 280E, for Oregon income tax purposes, all deductions relating to the trade or business of selling medical or recreational marijuana will be disallowed.

I suspect the result of IRC § 280E and its impact on Oregon income taxation will be that many taxpayers in this industry will go to lengthy efforts to capitalize expenses and add them to the cost of goods sold. Caution is advised. The taxing authorities will likely closely scrutinize this issue.

As reported in previous blog posts (January 17, 2014, January 21, 2014, and January 20, 2015), federal budget setbacks continue to severely impact the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and its ability to carry out its lofty mission:

 “[T]o provide America’s taxpayers top quality service by helping them understand and meet their tax responsibilities and by applying the tax law with integrity and fairness to all.”

Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Finance, understands the critical role the IRS plays in maintaining our tax system.  In a letter to IRS Commissioner John Koskinen, dated September 2, 2015, Senator Wyden professionally, but directly, questions the agency’s reallocation of IRS limited resources away from information technology (“IT”), enforcement and collection.

On May 11, 2015, after serving as Director of the Office of Professional Responsibility (“OPR”) for approximately six (6) years, Ms. Karen Hawkins announced her intention to step-down and retire, effective July 11, 2015.

The OPR is responsible for interpreting and applying the Treasury Regulations governing practice before the Internal Revenue Service (commonly known as “Circular 230”).  It has exclusive responsibility for overseeing practitioner conduct and implementing discipline.  For this purpose, practitioners include attorneys, certified public accountants, enrolled agents, enrolled actuaries, appraisers, and all other persons representing taxpayers before the Internal Revenue Service.

Under Code Section 1031(a), the relinquished property must have been held by the taxpayer for productive use in a trade or business, or held for investment.  Likewise, the replacement property, at the time of the exchange, must be intended to be held by the taxpayer for productive use in a trade or business, or for investment.

As you know, it is ok to exchange trade or business property for investment property, and vice versa.  At least two (2) recent tax court cases look at this issue.

In 2013, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) announced that it would not issue Private Letter Rulings on “spin-off” transactions intended to qualify as tax-free under IRS § 355. As a result of the IRS no-ruling position, taxpayers have not been able to obtain certainty relative to the tax consequences of these types of transactions. Rather, the best they can do is obtain some comfort through an opinion of their tax advisors. The cost of tax opinions, however, can be significant.

In 2009, the Service introduced its first Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program (“OVDP”). As a result of this program, more than 50,000 taxpayers have come forward and disclosed offshore financial accounts. In a news release issued by the IRS on January 28, 2015 (IR-2015-09), it reported that the government has collected over $7 billion from this initiative. In addition, as we know from the Zwerner case (reported in my blog on June 16, 2014), the Service has conducted thousands of civil audits relating to offshore financial accounts, resulting in the collection of taxes and penalties in the “tens of millions of dollars.” Last, the IRS has not been shy about pursuing criminal charges against taxpayers who fail to disclose their offshore financial accounts. In fact, the IRS reports that it has collected “billions of dollars in criminal fines and restitutions” since the introduction of the OVDP.

As reported in my January 21, 2014 blog post, federal budget cuts continue to hit the IRS hard.  In the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014, our lawmakers cut the Service’s budget by more than $500 million.  The Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015, signed by President Obama on September 19, 2014, gave the Service about a $350 million budget setback.

While it is hard to debate the need for government budget cuts these days, deciding where to make the cuts is surely a difficult endeavor.  Nevertheless, perplexing as it may be, lawmakers find it necessary and appropriate to cut the funding of the IRS, a division of our government that collects revenue.  Making these budget decisions even more baffling, we currently have an annual tax gap in this country of over $450 billion.  Adequately funding the IRS so that it can enforce our tax laws, thereby reducing the annual tax gap, should be a given.  Apparently, it is not a given to our lawmakers.

Of interesting note, the annual tax gap has increased by approximately $150 billion since 2001.  Yet, the IRS has had its budget slashed by over $1 billion in the last five (5) years.